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Oak, American White

	Quartered White Oak
	Oak Cluster

The following information is posted with permission of Timber Research and Development Association (TRADA) and is taken from their red booklets Timbers of the World. © TRADA

The Fagaceae family includes some fifty species of the genus Quercus, producing the true oaks of North America, but many of these are so small in size, or are found in such limited quantities that they are of no commercial importance. Some twenty species are important, but since it is difficult to distinguish between the wood of the individual species, it is the practice to group them either as red or white oak.

White oak group: timbers characterized by the small, late-wood pores fine and numerous, not easily distinguished without a hand lens. Large pores of the early-wood filled with    tyloses in heartwood.   

Quercus alba L. produces white oak.
Q. prinus L. syn. Q. montana Wild. Produces chestnut oak.
Q. lyrata Walt. produces overcup oak
Q. michauxii Nutt. Produces swamp chestnut oak.   

Distribution
From southern Quebec and Ontario to eastern Minnesota and Iowa. extending eastward to the Atlantic and southward through the lower western slopes of the Allegheny and Appalachian Mountains.

The tree
The white oaks vary in size and form according to species and soil conditions. Some are unsuitable for timber production, but others vary in height from 15m to 30m, well-grown specimens having a clear cylindrical bole of up to 15m with a diameter of about 1 .0m.   

The timber
Although generally resembling European oak, American white oak is more variable in colour, ranging from pale yellow-brown to pale reddish-brown, often with a pinkish tint. The multi senate rays are generally higher than those of the red oaks producing a more prominent and attractive silver-grain figure on quarter-sawn surfaces. The grain is generally straight, and the texture varies from coarse to medium coarse. As with the red oaks, the quality depends greatly on the conditions of growth: slowly-grown northern white oak usually being lighter in weight and milder, than that from the southern states. The Appalachian Mountains used to provide beautiful mild white oak greatly esteemed for furniture and cabinet making, but much of this forest area has been destroyed in recent years due to open-cast coal mining activities. Southern white oak is typically fast grown, and with its wide growth-rings is relatively coarse and more suited to constructional use. White oak weighs about 770 kg/m3 when dried.

Drying
Like all the true oaks the timber dries slowly, with a tendency to split, check and honeycomb.

Strength
It compares fairly closely with European oak in general strength. but on the whole, its higher density provides rather higher strength.

Durability
Durable.

Working qualities
Variable in working properties according to rate of growth, slow-grown material being easier to work than fast-grown, but either type can be finished smoothly if care is taken. A reduction of cutting angle to 20is often helpful in planing. The timber can be glued, stained and polished, and takes nails and screws well.

Uses
Heavy construction, flooring, furniture, pews and pulpits, doors, counters. boats, ladder rungs, agricultural implements, waggon bottoms, coffins, veneer and cooperage, white oak barrels being the only satisfactory containers for beer, wine and alcoholic spirits.   

Note Quercus virginiana Mill. produces the live oak of the southern USA. This is quite a distinct, evergreen species, and has the hardest, strongest and toughest wood of all the American oaks. It is used in the construction of waggons, ships and farm implements. but is not in much demand owing to low availability.